动词 Verbs
Vt & Vi
Transitive verb 及物动词/他动词
[CD] Transitive verb: a verb that has an object.
他动词如have,make等词,意念是不完全的,必须加上宾语,才能表出一个完全的意念。所有的他动词都要有宾语,否则不成句。
Intransitive verb 不及物动词/自动词
[CD] Intransitive verb: a verb that has no object.
自动词是说明主语的动作或状态的,自身已能完成一个意念,不必要不足什么要素,而成为一个完整的动作。
完全自动词(Complete Intransitive Verb)本身已能表是一个完全的意念,无需再加补语。
It rained heavily last night.
A beautiful moon has risen in the eastern sky.
In fine weather birds sing merrily.
不完全自动词(Incomplete Intransitive Verb)本身不能表达出一个完全的意念,必须补上另外的字才能成句。
be, become, seem, remain, turn, etc.
She is growing/getting old.
The rumour proved true.
The frosted maple (枫树) leaves have turned red, much redder than the flowers in spring.
霜叶红于二月花
完全他动词不需要补语,必须有宾语。可以一个宾语,也可以两个。
树大招风
Tall tress catch much wind.
两个宾语的完全他动词,又叫做授予动词(Dative Verb),“授物以人”(give something to a persone)或“授人以物”(give a person something)。“人”与“物”都是宾语,一个句子两个宾语。通常“物”是直接宾语(Direct Object),“人”是间接宾语(Indirect Object)。因为真正给的是物,接受那物的才是人。
通常把间接宾语放在直接宾语之前。如果为了加强语气等原因而把直接宾语放到前面,需要在间接宾语前加介词 to, for, of 等而做成一个片语。
I sent her a letter. = I sent a letter to her.
I bought her a new dress. = I bought a new dress for her.
I wish to ask you a favour. = I wish to ask a favour of you.
References: 《翻译的技巧》钱歌川