英语中的动词
宾补动词(Factitive Verbs)
有些动作会使直接宾语的状态(状态、地位、类别等)改变,代表这类动作的动词叫宾补动词(factitive verbs)。被改变的状态会在宾语补足语中描述。对比:
I make him sad.
I find him sad.
其中 make 是宾补动词,因为 sad 是 make 的结果。而 find 不是,因为 sad 是客观事实,不是 find 的结果。
常见的宾补动词有:elect, appoint, make, choose, deem, assign, name, select, judge, and designate.
一些基本上需要宾语补足语的动作有:
引起 + 结果:cause, make, etc.
使役 + 动作:
The bright light caused her to blink.
选择 + 目的:choose, elect, select, vote, etc.
任命 + 职位:appoint, assign, crown, designate, etc.
命名 + 头衔:call, entitle, name, nominate, etc.
判断 + 结论:believe, declare, deem, judge, prove, see, suppose, think, etc.
保持 + 状态:keep, leave, let, remain, etc.
使役动词(Causative Verbs)
像 let, require 这样使另一个动作发生的动词称为使役动词(causative verbs)。使役动词要求句中必有另一个动作,因此使役动词的宾语补足语是一个动词不定式。
常见的使役动词有:Enable, cause, have, force, let, keep, hold, and require, help, leave, get
与宾补动词不同的是,使役动词仅描述宾语的动作,并不描述动作产生的结果或状态的改变。
短语动词(Phrasal Verb)
短语动词(phrasal verb)是指一个由动词 + 小品词 (+介词)或 动词 + 介词组成的动词词组,整体充当动词。通常来说短语动词的含义不再是该动词和小品词/介词的字面含义。短语动词的三种形式:
介词短语动词(Prepositional Phrasal Verbs)
即 verb + preposition:
Who is looking after the kids?
谁在照看孩子?(而不是谁看着孩子后面)
They picked on nobody.
他们没有刁难任何人。(而不是他们没有捡到人)
I ran into an old friend.
我偶遇一个老友。(而不是我冲进老朋友家里)
She takes after her mother.
她很像她的母亲。
Sam passes for a linguist.
山姆像个语言学家。
You should stand by your friend.
你应该帮帮你的朋友。
小品词短语动词(Particle Phrasal Verbs)
即 verb + particle:
They brought that up twice.
他们谈过两次了。
You should think it over.
你应该仔细考虑。
Why does he always dress down?
为什么他总是穿着随意?
You should not give in so quickly.
你不该这么快让步。
Where do they want to hang out?
他们想去哪玩儿?
She handed it in.
她上交了它。
小品词-介词短语动词(Particle-Prepositional Phrasal Verbs)
即 verb + particle + preposition:
Who can put up with that?
谁能忍受那样?
She is looking forward to a rest.
她期待一场休息。
The other tanks were bearing down on my panther.
其他坦克向我的美州豹(车)逼近。
They were really teeing off on me.
他们的确突然袭击了我。
We loaded up on Mountain Dew and Doritos.
我们大量购买了激浪和多力多滋(饮料和零食)。
Susan has been sitting in for me.
苏姗已经替代了我。
动词短语(Verb Phrase)
动词短语(verb phrase)是指包含了动状词(verbal,也叫非谓语动词 non-finite verb)的短语,充当非谓语成分。动词短语有三种形式:
分词短语(Participial Phrases)
包括现在分词(present participles)和过去分词(past participles),在句中起到形容词的作用。
现在分词短语作形容词修饰动作的实施者:
Singing very softly, the boy lulled his baby brother to sleep.
轻声歌唱的男孩哄他的弟弟入睡。
过去分词短语作形容词修饰动作的接受者:
The girls, frightened by the police car’s headlights, quickly came down from the school’s roof.
被警灯吓坏的女孩,立马从学校屋顶下来了。
动名词短语(Gerund Phrases)
动名词短语在句中作名词,可以作主语,动词宾语,表语名词,介词宾语。
动名词短语作主语:
Waiting for his grades drove him crazy.
等待成绩令他备受煎熬。
动名词短语作动词宾语:
The woman denied knowing her own husband.
女子拒绝认出她自己的丈夫。
动名词短语作介词宾语:
He thought he could escape from his problems by running away.
他以为可以一走了之来逃避问题。
动名词短语作(主语和)表语:
Making many acquaintances is cultivating future friendships.
结识许多熟人就是培养未来的友谊。
不定式短语(Infinitive Phrases)
不定式短语通常作名词,也可以作形容词和副词。
不定式短语作主语:
To live in Boston eventually is his main goal in life. (the infinitive phrase works as the subject of the sentence)
居住在波士顿最终成为他生命里的主要目标。
不定式短语作动词宾语:
Quentin Tarentino loves to babble during interviews.
昆丁·塔伦蒂诺接受采访时喜欢喋喋不休。
不定式短语作定语(形容词词性):
Do you have any clothes to donate to the homeless shelter?
你有要捐给流浪汉的衣服吗?
不定式短语作目的状语(副词词性):
She went home to visit her family.
她回家去拜访她的家人。
系动词(Linking Verbs)
系动词,又称为联系动词(linking verb / copula),连接主语和表语,构成主系表结构。与行为动词(action verb)不同的是,系动词虽有词义,但并不完全,因而不能单独用作谓语。系动词可以连接表语形容词(predicate adjective),表语动词(predicate noun),和表语介词短语(predicate prepositional phrases)。上述表语又称为主语补语(subject complement)。
系动词的类别
Be, become, seem
所有的 be 动词(包括与情态动词的组合),become 和 seem 都是系动词。
Maria might have been more forthcoming with the news.
He became suspicious when he saw the safe was open.
All the children seem satisfied with the bouncy castle.
以下动词有时作系动词,有时作行为动词。
表示主语状态和特征的动词
如 appear, feel, look, smell, sound, taste, prove 等。
I feel worthy when the boss compliments me.
Building the house proves difficult for them.
表示主语保持某种状态的动词
如 continue, keep, remain, stay 等。
The spectators remained silent after the injury on the field.
The crowd stayed calm in spite of the imminent threat.
表示主语状态转变的动词
如 grow, turn, come, go, get 等。
He went red after tripping on the rug.
The audience fell silent when the conductor walked on stage.
系动词的区分
上文所述的一些动词有时作系动词,有时作行为动词。正确区分系动词有助于理解句子结构。区分系动词的方法可以简单地将句中的动词替换为 be 动词,看句子是否依然能传递基本含义。
I can smell the delicious aroma of the pizza.
我可以闻到披萨的香味。
I can be the delicious aroma of the pizza.
我可以是披萨的香味。
句子不通,因此原句中 smell 不是系动词,而是行为动词。
The pizza smells delicious.
披萨闻起来很美味。
The pizza is delicious.
披萨是很美味的。
句意基本不变,因此原句中 smell 是系动词。
特殊的“主谓表”结构
语法书上似乎没有“主谓表”这样的结构,但确实存在一些动词,看似系动词,细究起来又不像系动词,暂且称之为特殊的“主谓表”结构。如:
His son died young.
He reached the station exhausted.
例中的 young 和 exhausted 都是主语补语,那 die 和 reach 是不是系动词呢?我们依据上文方法将 die 和 reach 替换为 be 动词看一下。
His son was young.
他儿子曾经年纪轻轻。
语法正确,语义通顺,但是句意不完整。
He was the station exhausted.
他是车站精疲力尽了。
语法和逻辑都不正确。
我们同样可以尝试去掉表语,会发现语法正确,逻辑通顺,但句意不完整,即:
His son died.
他儿子死了。
He reached the station.
他到车站了。
所以,这种句子不是简单的主谓结构,die 和 reach 也不是系动词。那么,这种句子究竟是什么结构呢?一些网友(包括 native speakers)展开了长达3年的讨论。然而似乎并没有定论。有人说这可以理解成一种省略句,即:
His son died (when his son was) young.
He reached the station (and he was) exhausted.
无论如何不妨姑且理解为特殊的“主谓表”结构,因为这种句子的确正确地传达了语义。要记住,对语法的学习是为传递语义服务的。Making sense is perfect!
http://onlineenglishtools.blogspot.com/2011/07/verbs.html