Recycling sucks! The history of creative reuse | Garth Johnson | TEDxEureka

更新 2019年8月3日 发布 2018年7月11日  Posts

In his entertaining talk, Garth Johnson shows an art historian’s perspective on recycling and creative reuse, points out to the difference between the two and explains why recycling should be the last resort. He does that by taking his audience in a journey in time and space to discover examples of creative reuse: from Egyptians all the way to contemporary artists, from Rome to Tibet, from amphoras to shell casings and Barbies.

Garth Johnson is a studio artist, writer and educator who lives in Eureka, California. In addition to maintaining the website Extreme Craft (www.extremecraft.com), Garth’s writing has been featured in museum catalogs, magazines and books worldwide. His first book, 1000 Ideas for Creative Reuse was released in by Quarry/Rockport publishers and his DVD, ReVision: Recycled Crafts for Earth-Friendly Living was released by Eyekiss Films last year. His artwork has been exhibited nationally and internationally.

This talk was given at a TEDx event using the TED conference format but independently organized by a local community. Learn more at http://ted.com/tedx

1
00:00:03,444 –> 00:00:07,360
几年以前,我写了本
关于创造性再利用的书。
A couple of years back,
I wrote a book about creative reuse,

2
00:00:07,388 –> 00:00:12,047
里面列举了上千个
利用其它物品制成的东西。
and it had a thousand things in it
that had been made out of other things.

3
00:00:12,058 –> 00:00:13,569
有家具。
There was furniture.

4
00:00:13,579 –> 00:00:14,779
看这把椅子,
Check out this chair

5
00:00:14,779 –> 00:00:18,029
用一个漂亮的
垃圾桶做的。
that’s been made out
of a lovely garbage can.

6
00:00:19,309 –> 00:00:20,287
家用器具,
Housewares.

7
00:00:20,287 –> 00:00:24,843
这是 Boris Bally 做的一个碗,
用合法渠道获得的路牌做的。
Here is a bowl made by Boris Bally
out of ethically sourced street signs.

8
00:00:24,863 –> 00:00:26,504
(笑声)
(Laughter)

9
00:00:26,523 –> 00:00:28,274
有电子产品,
There were electronics.

10
00:00:28,294 –> 00:00:31,450
一个精致的 USB 键盘,
用拼字砖做的。
This amazing USB keyboard
made out of Scrabble tiles.

11
00:00:32,475 –> 00:00:33,612
艺术品,
Art.

12
00:00:33,622 –> 00:00:36,338
我会跳过这个,
你会做噩梦的。
I’ll forward through this
before you get nightmares.

13
00:00:36,348 –> 00:00:37,405
(笑声)
(Laughter)

14
00:00:37,405 –> 00:00:38,405
首饰,
Jewelry.

15
00:00:38,405 –> 00:00:41,332
这是一个纽约的珠宝匠
Margaux Lange 做的。
This is a New York based jeweler
named Margaux Lange.

16
00:00:41,346 –> 00:00:46,279
她喜欢用的主要材料是
回收的芭比娃娃。
The main material that she likes to use
are pieces of recycled Barbies.

17
00:00:48,477 –> 00:00:50,330
还有犹太宗教用品。
And there is also Judaica.

18
00:00:51,925 –> 00:00:53,240
这个特殊的大烛台,
This particular menorah

19
00:00:53,240 –> 00:00:57,323
由废弃的,
再利用的管道制成,
made out of cast-off bits
of repurposed plumbing hardware

20
00:00:57,341 –> 00:01:00,247
称为 Manorah。
is called the Manorah.

21
00:01:00,267 –> 00:01:01,743
(笑声)
(Laughter)

22
00:01:01,743 –> 00:01:03,532
当我把这些放进书里的时候,
When I was putting the book together,

23
00:01:03,532 –> 00:01:06,789
我认识到我需要一个
合适的序言。
I realized that I had to have
a fitting introduction.

24
00:01:06,789 –> 00:01:10,871
我开始考虑一些很好的方式
来构建我的书。
I started thinking about really good ways
that I could start to frame the book.

25
00:01:11,659 –> 00:01:15,693
因为我教艺术史,
所以我认识到
I teach Art History,
so one of the things that I realized is

26
00:01:15,693 –> 00:01:19,793
我可以通过讨论
创造性再利用的历史
that maybe I could talk
about the history of creative reuse

27
00:01:19,793 –> 00:01:22,909
来切入这本书。
in the beginning
of this introduction of the book.

28
00:01:23,473 –> 00:01:29,494
所以我开始研究,
并且有所收获。
So I started to do some research
and kind of came to an aha-eureka moment.

29
00:01:30,080 –> 00:01:32,952
那就是,
我发现我根本不能
And that is that I
couldn’t even really begin

30
00:01:32,952 –> 00:01:36,873
对创造性再利用的历史
进行简单描述,
to scratch the surface
of the history of creative reuse

31
00:01:36,873 –> 00:01:39,702
仅在 1000 字的序言中。
in 1000 words
that I had in this introduction.

32
00:01:40,460 –> 00:01:42,344
事实上,我发现
In fact, what I found out is

33
00:01:42,351 –> 00:01:45,288
每一种文化从早期开始
that every culture
from the beginning of time

34
00:01:45,589 –> 00:01:47,658
便开始创造性再利用。
has practiced creative reuse,

35
00:01:47,658 –> 00:01:49,167
我们作为一种文化,
and that we, as a culture,

36
00:01:49,167 –> 00:01:52,548
即便我们喜欢去思考,
去称赞我们自己
even though we like to think
and pat ourselves on the back

37
00:01:52,548 –> 00:01:55,068
发明了循环利用,
that we discovered recycling,

38
00:01:55,068 –> 00:01:58,541
其实我们同其他文化
还相差甚远。
we don’t even come close
to any of these other cultures.

39
00:01:59,926 –> 00:02:03,011
我开始发现的另一件事是,
Another thing that I started to find out

40
00:02:03,011 –> 00:02:06,761
随着我对再利用领域研究的增多,
the more that I did research
in the area of reuse

41
00:02:06,761 –> 00:02:09,187
出现了一点违背直觉的事。
was something that is
a little bit counterintuitive.

42
00:02:09,190 –> 00:02:12,760
那便是循环利用其实很糟糕。
And that is that recycling sucks.

43
00:02:13,456 –> 00:02:15,996
像我说的,
它听起来有一点违背直觉。
Like I said, it sounds
a little bit counterintuitive.

44
00:02:15,996 –> 00:02:18,271
当然这并不意味着
你不要做。
It doesn’t mean that you shouldn’t do it,

45
00:02:18,275 –> 00:02:21,343
但我想通过谈一谈 3R
来说明这一点。
but I want to frame this
through talking about the three Rs.

46
00:02:21,348 –> 00:02:26,810
你们都知道 3R:Reduce,Reuse 和 Recycle
(减少使用,再利用,再循环)。
You guys all know the three Rs:
Reduce, Reuse and Recycle.

47
00:02:27,450 –> 00:02:29,219
你是否想过,事实是
Have you ever thought about the fact

48
00:02:29,219 –> 00:02:32,183
循环利用只是第三个选择?
that recycling is the third
of those three options?

49
00:02:32,183 –> 00:02:34,246
它应该是你最后的选择。
It should be your last resort.

50
00:02:34,270 –> 00:02:39,196
所以如果你想节约能源,
首先是避免使用。
So if you’d like to save a lot of energy,
don’t use something in the first place.

51
00:02:39,196 –> 00:02:42,357
如果你想用,
可能多用一点能源,
If you want to use, maybe,
a little more energy than that,

52
00:02:42,358 –> 00:02:45,202
会使你的生活更好,
maximize the life
of whatever you’re using,

53
00:02:45,202 –> 00:02:46,945
那就用完了再利用它。
and reuse it when you are done.

54
00:02:47,376 –> 00:02:51,380
对于循环利用,像我说的,
它应是你最后的选择。
And then recycling, like I said,
should be your last resort.

55
00:02:53,732 –> 00:03:00,175
接下来有一个非常简短的
关于创造性再利用的历史。
What follows is going to be
a very brief history of creative reuse.

56
00:03:01,256 –> 00:03:04,316
我想说一下,
因为我们在谈论创造性再利用,
And I wanted to point out,
as we’re talking about creative reuse,

57
00:03:04,316 –> 00:03:08,277
就在这里,洪堡县,我们就有
一个很好的再利用的选择,
that here in Humboldt Country,
we have an amazing reuse option,

58
00:03:08,287 –> 00:03:11,761
有一个新组织,
SCRAP Humboldt。
and that’s a new organization
called SCRAP Humboldt.

59
00:03:11,768 –> 00:03:16,516
所以你应该看看 SCRAP Humboldt,
无论怎样跟他们互动一下。
So you should look up SCRAP Humboldt
and interact with them however you can.

60
00:03:16,523 –> 00:03:20,284
让我们先来了解几个术语,
然后开始后面的内容。
Let’s do a few terms first
to kind of set things out.

61
00:03:20,288 –> 00:03:23,294
我们先定义下循环利用。
Let’s define what recycling is.

62
00:03:23,294 –> 00:03:27,569
循环利用是通过处理
用过的或废弃的材料,
Recycling is the act of processing
used or abandoned materials

63
00:03:27,589 –> 00:03:30,514
来制造新的产品。
for use in creating new products.

64
00:03:30,517 –> 00:03:35,131
比如你有一个铝制易拉罐,
你熔了它,
So you have an aluminum can,
you melt the aluminum can down,

65
00:03:35,149 –> 00:03:37,531
再做一个新的铝制易拉罐。
you make a new aluminum can.

66
00:03:37,544 –> 00:03:39,636
然而,创造性再利用
Creative reuse, on the other hand,

67
00:03:39,637 –> 00:03:43,017
是使用废旧的,
或回收的材料,
is the process of taking
used or recycled materials

68
00:03:43,472 –> 00:03:46,489
把它们转变成
创造性的艺术品,
and turning them
into creative pieces of art,

69
00:03:46,489 –> 00:03:50,279
家庭装饰或
其他有用的东西。
home decoration or other useful items.

70
00:03:51,234 –> 00:03:53,688
在考虑创造性再利用时,
In thinking about creative reuse,

71
00:03:53,696 –> 00:03:58,330
我们回顾下古希腊人。
we’re going to go all the way back
to the Ancient Greeks.

72
00:03:58,333 –> 00:04:03,784
我想给你们几个例子
来说明为什么循环利用很糟,
And I wanted to give you a little example
about why recycling sucks

73
00:04:03,784 –> 00:04:06,547
从一个艺术历史学家
的视角来说。
from the point of view of art historians.

74
00:04:06,547 –> 00:04:11,740
这也是本次演讲的题目
《循环利用很糟糕》。
That’s really what the “recycling sucks”
is about as the title of this lecture.

75
00:04:12,421 –> 00:04:18,043
在考虑希腊雕塑家的时候,
他们最喜欢的材料是青铜。
In thinking about Ancient Greek sculptors,
their favorite material to use was bronze.

76
00:04:18,711 –> 00:04:22,675
但现存的希腊的青铜雕塑很少。
Yet we only have a few examples
of Greek bronze sculptures left.

77
00:04:23,331 –> 00:04:28,325
是因为循环利用
导致了只有小部分留下了。
And the reason that we only have
a few of these left is recycling.

78
00:04:28,992 –> 00:04:33,099
大部分这些青铜雕塑,
被熔化了制成了其他雕塑。
Most of those bronze sculptures
got melted down to make other sculptures,

79
00:04:33,119 –> 00:04:34,748
也有很多情况是,
but more often than not,

80
00:04:34,748 –> 00:04:37,247
它们被熔化并
做成了战争用品:
they got melted down
to make implements of war:

81
00:04:37,247 –> 00:04:41,499
茅,盾,头盔——比如这个。
spears, shields, helmets – like this.

82
00:04:42,100 –> 00:04:46,828
所以几乎所有的雕塑随着时间消逝了,
因为经历了战争。
So all of the sculptures are lost to time,
in a way, because of war.

83
00:04:47,480 –> 00:04:49,645
在考虑创造性再利用时,
In thinking about creative reuse

84
00:04:49,645 –> 00:04:53,223
以及东西是怎样通过
创造性再利用保存下来的。
and how something has been preserved
through creative reuse,

85
00:04:53,234 –> 00:04:58,754
你可以想下巨石阵,
以及其他的新石器时代的文化。
you can start by thinking about Stonehenge
and other Neolithic cultures.

86
00:04:59,331 –> 00:05:01,994
再让我们看看埃及人。
But let’s talk about the Egyptians.

87
00:05:01,994 –> 00:05:08,505
在古埃及,大部分你所知道的,
法老们都是野心勃勃的。
In Ancient Egypt, most of you know
that the pharaohs had boundless ambitions.

88
00:05:08,513 –> 00:05:11,133
他们喜欢建造巨大的纪念碑。
They loved to build huge monuments.

89
00:05:11,133 –> 00:05:13,846
而他们可用的
Yet the materials
that were available to them,

90
00:05:13,855 –> 00:05:16,364
用来建造纪念碑的材料,
是十分有限的。
to build the monuments out of,
were fairly limited.

91
00:05:16,364 –> 00:05:19,212
因此这两件事常常很矛盾。
So the two things often butted heads.

92
00:05:19,212 –> 00:05:22,675
所以解决方案就是创造性再利用。
So the solution was creative reuse.

93
00:05:22,685 –> 00:05:25,242
埃及的王们往往会等
The Egyptian kings would wait

94
00:05:25,242 –> 00:05:29,752
先前的纪念碑损坏了一点
需要修缮的时候,
for previous monuments to maybe
fall into a little bit of disrepair.

95
00:05:29,752 –> 00:05:33,110
他们会宣扬权威,
把纪念碑推倒,
They would declare eminent domain,
and they would knock them down,

96
00:05:33,111 –> 00:05:36,125
他们会用这些材料
来建立自己的纪念碑。
and they would use those pieces
to build their own monuments.

97
00:05:36,131 –> 00:05:41,043
这是阿曼霍特普三世的纪念碑,
它在卡纳克神庙中幸存下来。
This is a monument from Amenhotep III,
and it survived in Karnak.

98
00:05:41,043 –> 00:05:44,018
你可以看到来自
其他古迹的象形文字
You can see bits of hieroglyphs
from other monuments

99
00:05:44,019 –> 00:05:47,036
回收使用在
建筑的结构中。
recycled into the fabric of the building.

100
00:05:48,150 –> 00:05:49,856
但是,
我想给你们介绍一位
But I want to introduce you

101
00:05:49,856 –> 00:05:55,256
可能是无可争议的
古代创造性再利用的冠军。
to, perhaps, the unchallenged champions
of creative reuse in the ancient world.

102
00:05:55,730 –> 00:05:57,210
这就是
And that is

103
00:05:58,497 –> 00:05:59,868
罗马人。
the Romans.

104
00:06:00,473 –> 00:06:03,285
罗马人喜欢再利用东西,
The Romans loved to reuse things

105
00:06:03,285 –> 00:06:06,216
他们通过再利用
制作不同的器具。
and they reused them
for all sort of different wares.

106
00:06:06,216 –> 00:06:10,517
其中他们最爱再利用的是
双耳瓶。
One of the main things
that they loved to reuse was the amphora.

107
00:06:10,517 –> 00:06:15,461
双耳瓶相当于
当时 50 加仑的桶或塑料瓶,
The amphora was sort of the 50-gallon drum
or the plastic bottle of its day.

108
00:06:15,471 –> 00:06:19,017
用来装橄榄油或其他液体。
Olive oil or any liquid
used to come in an amphora.

109
00:06:19,017 –> 00:06:22,689
但是因为这是一个陶制瓶,
But because this is a ceramic bottle,

110
00:06:22,689 –> 00:06:26,768
所以他们不能熔化它
来制成一个新的双耳瓶。
they can’t exactly melt it down
and make a new amphora.

111
00:06:26,779 –> 00:06:29,044
所以解决方案是
创造性再利用。
So the solution is creative reuse.

112
00:06:29,915 –> 00:06:34,251
将双耳瓶送回来源地
It costs too much to send amphoras back
to their original sources

113
00:06:34,251 –> 00:06:36,019
进行修补成本太高。
to fill them back up.

114
00:06:36,019 –> 00:06:38,970
因此,罗马人喜欢在他们的
建筑中使用混凝土,
So, the Romans, in their architecture,
loved to use concrete,

115
00:06:38,977 –> 00:06:40,484
并混入双耳瓶,
and they would take amphoras,

116
00:06:40,484 –> 00:06:43,936
将它们嵌入混凝土中
以使混凝土更轻,
and they would embed them in the concrete
to make the concrete lighter,

117
00:06:43,936 –> 00:06:46,504
但仍然保持良好的结构。
but still keeping the structure sound.

118
00:06:46,504 –> 00:06:49,867
这是罗马的圣海伦娜陵墓。
This is the Mausoleum
of St. Helena, in Rome.

119
00:06:49,867 –> 00:06:52,729
你看到的这些斑点
All of the little pockmarks
that you see here

120
00:06:52,741 –> 00:06:55,803
就是双耳瓶
最初嵌入的地方。
are places where amphoras
were originally embedded.

121
00:06:56,443 –> 00:06:59,739
考古学家喜欢看到
双耳瓶的再利用。
Archeologists love to look
at the reuse of amphoras.

122
00:06:59,739 –> 00:07:03,524
这里有一口古老的水井,
嵌入了双耳瓶,并磨合在一起。
Here is an ancient well that has amphoras
that are all mortared together.

123
00:07:04,454 –> 00:07:06,565
这实际上是一个石棺。
This is actually a sarcophagus.

124
00:07:06,568 –> 00:07:10,487
有些人没有足够的钱
购买一个合适的石棺,
Someone who didn’t have enough money
for a proper sarcophagus,

125
00:07:10,487 –> 00:07:15,528
他们的家人大概是将一些
双耳瓶的顶部和底部切除,
their family presumably chopped
the tops and bottoms off of some amphorae

126
00:07:15,537 –> 00:07:18,062
然后他们埋进去。
and buried them in the ground in it.

127
00:07:18,618 –> 00:07:20,545
这来自庞培。
This actually comes from Pompeii.

128
00:07:20,974 –> 00:07:23,532
考古学家发现了这个,
他们想知道
Archeologists discovered this,
and they were wondering

129
00:07:23,532 –> 00:07:27,214
这世上为什么会有人
把双耳瓶切成两半,
why in the world someone
would have cut an amphora in half,

130
00:07:27,894 –> 00:07:32,842
在上面开一个洞,
并将它嵌在等腰高的墙上。
put a hole in the top
and embedded it in a wall at waist height.

131
00:07:33,478 –> 00:07:36,197
他们想了一下,
(笑声)
They thought about it a little bit,
(Laughter)

132
00:07:36,197 –> 00:07:39,767
意识到他们正在看
一个古老的小便池。
and they realized they were looking
at an ancient urinal.

133
00:07:40,785 –> 00:07:44,714
我今天要为你们
讲几个艺术史的术语,
I’m going to lay a couple
of art-historical terms on you today,

134
00:07:44,714 –> 00:07:47,071
并且它们与罗马人相关。
and they’re in conjunction
with the Romans.

135
00:07:47,094 –> 00:07:50,007
第一个是“damnatio memoriae”
(除忆诅咒)。
The first one is “damnatio memoriae.”

136
00:07:50,011 –> 00:07:52,000
如果你是一个罗马人,
If you were a Roman,

137
00:07:52,006 –> 00:07:56,902
你永生的方式
就是让其他人记住你。
the way that you lived forever
was by having other people remember you.

138
00:07:56,904 –> 00:07:59,719
因此,对罗马人而言,
最糟糕的事情就是将他们
So the worst thing
that you could do to a Roman

139
00:08:00,260 –> 00:08:03,082
从公众记忆中除去。
was to remove them
from public remembrance.

140
00:08:03,104 –> 00:08:05,777
这就是“damnatio memoriae”
(除忆诅咒)。
That’s what “damnatio memoriae” is.

141
00:08:06,206 –> 00:08:08,397
我要给你一个例子,
I’m going to give you an example,

142
00:08:08,397 –> 00:08:11,540
这并不是一个
创造性再利用的例子。
and this is an example
that is not creative reuse.

143
00:08:11,557 –> 00:08:14,777
这是塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁皇帝。
This is the Emperor Septimius Severus.

144
00:08:14,777 –> 00:08:19,032
如果你还记得,塞普蒂米乌斯·塞维鲁
把他的帝国给他的两个儿子。
If you recall, Septimius Severus
left his empire to his two sons.

145
00:08:19,501 –> 00:08:24,075
右侧的是 Caracalla;
左侧的是 Geta。
This is Caracalla on the right
and Geta on the left.

146
00:08:25,224 –> 00:08:26,555
通过看这个,
And by looking at this,

147
00:08:26,558 –> 00:08:30,978
我想你们都可以看出这给
可怜的 Geta 带来怎样的后果。
I think you guys can all figure out
how this worked out for poor Geta.

148
00:08:31,001 –> 00:08:32,265
(笑声)
(Laughter)

149
00:08:32,265 –> 00:08:37,699
因此,他们继承了父亲的帝国,
而 Caracalla 随即杀死了 Geta。
So, they inherit dad’s empire
and Caracalla immediately has Geta killed.

150
00:08:38,379 –> 00:08:41,595
不仅如此,
他还下达了一个“除忆诅咒”,
Not only that, but he
declares a “damnatio memoriae,”

151
00:08:41,596 –> 00:08:43,872
他把 Geta 所有的形象都除去了。
and he has all of Geta’s images removed.

152
00:08:43,877 –> 00:08:47,795
我真的几乎可以想象
Caracalla 的想法,
And I can really almost imagine
Caracalla’s baggage here

153
00:08:47,795 –> 00:08:52,964
想象着他带着凿子
走到这里,说道:
and imagine him with the chisel
sort of going to here and say,

154
00:08:54,694 –> 00:08:58,241
“妈妈总是最喜欢你,
妈妈总是最喜欢你”。
“Mama always liked you best.
Mama always liked you best.”

155
00:08:59,051 –> 00:09:02,257
你是有多么多么多么地
憎恨你的兄弟,
And you’ve got to really really
really hate your brother

156
00:09:02,257 –> 00:09:08,802
费劲周折也要把他从
成千上万的硬币中去除。
to go through painstakingly removing him
from thousands and thousands of coins.

157
00:09:08,803 –> 00:09:09,944
(笑声)
(Laughter)

158
00:09:09,946 –> 00:09:11,463
但是,
伴随着“除忆诅咒”,
But with “damnatio memoriae,”

159
00:09:11,473 –> 00:09:14,240
有时候创造性再利用
得以保全。
sometimes creative reuse
came to the rescue.

160
00:09:14,240 –> 00:09:18,539
如果有一个不好的皇帝,
的确有很多不好的皇帝,
When there was a bad emperor –
and there were a lot of bad emperors –

161
00:09:18,539 –> 00:09:21,345
有时罗马人会把他们的雕塑,
sometimes the Romans
would take their sculptures,

162
00:09:21,782 –> 00:09:26,019
重新雕琢后嵌入
后世皇帝的雕塑中。
and they would recarve them
into the sculptures of later emperors.

163
00:09:26,761 –> 00:09:30,537
这有时会导致雕塑
留下一些细微痕迹,
This sometimes led to a few
hinky details with the sculptures.

164
00:09:31,539 –> 00:09:38,126
奇怪的发型,奇怪的头形,
奇怪的特征,不匹配的耳朵。
Strange hairstyles, strange head shapes,
strange features, mismatched ears.

165
00:09:38,487 –> 00:09:39,829
在这个案例中,
In the case of this one –

166
00:09:39,830 –> 00:09:43,737
顺便说一句,这是 Caligula,
它被重塑进了 Claudius。
by the way, this is Caligula
and it was recarved into Claudius –

167
00:09:44,073 –> 00:09:48,999
他们重新雕刻了头部,
发现它对身体来说太小了。
they recarved the head, and they found out
that it was way too small for the body,

168
00:09:48,999 –> 00:09:53,983
所以解决的办法就是砍掉头部,
同一些其它的身体相匹配。
so the solution was to cut the head off
and match it up with some other body.

169
00:09:54,722 –> 00:09:57,243
这就是它保存的方式。
And that was the way
that it was preserved.

170
00:09:57,685 –> 00:10:00,610
到了三世纪,
事情变得非常疯狂。
By the 3rd century,
things got really crazy.

171
00:10:00,613 –> 00:10:03,489
这实际上是另一座
Caligula 的雕像。
This is actually
another statue of Caligula

172
00:10:03,492 –> 00:10:07,438
屹立了几百年后,
that had sat around
for a couple of hundred years,

173
00:10:07,441 –> 00:10:11,368
它被一个罗马领军
重新雕琢。
and it was recarved
into a later Roman military leader.

174
00:10:12,141 –> 00:10:15,944
这些再雕刻的雕像
显现出一些痕迹。
One of the telltale signs
with some of these recarved statues is

175
00:10:15,944 –> 00:10:19,795
在原始雕像上,
胡子是浮雕在脸上的,
that on the original statues,
the beard sat on top of the face,

176
00:10:20,047 –> 00:10:21,575
本该如此。
as it should.

177
00:10:21,575 –> 00:10:26,168
经过再雕刻的雕像,
他们只是将胡子凹雕在脸上,
In the recarved statues, they would just
hack the beard right into the face

178
00:10:26,168 –> 00:10:28,025
以节省空间。
to try to save space.

179
00:10:29,174 –> 00:10:32,027
这是另一个艺术历史学家
很喜欢的,
Here is another one
that art historians really love.

180
00:10:32,030 –> 00:10:35,167
“spolia”这个词,
或者“spoils(战利品)”。
This is the word “spolia,” or spoils.

181
00:10:35,762 –> 00:10:40,483
spolia 是一个现代艺术史术语,
用来描述
Spolia is the modern
art-historical term used to describe

182
00:10:40,483 –> 00:10:45,823
新纪念碑上再利用的
早期建筑的材料或装饰性的雕刻。
the reuse of earlier building materials
or decorative sculptures on new monuments.

183
00:10:45,823 –> 00:10:49,267
环顾 Eureka,
特别是我居住的地方,
Looking around Eureka,
and particularly where I live,

184
00:10:49,273 –> 00:10:52,106
建筑物外面有很多“spolia”。
there’s a lot of “spolia”
on the outside of buildings.

185
00:10:52,631 –> 00:10:56,663
但教科书给的例子是
君士坦丁凯旋门。
But the textbook example
is the Arch of Constantine.

186
00:10:56,663 –> 00:11:00,831
这在公元 315 年被奉为神圣。
This was consecrated in the year 315 CE,

187
00:11:01,431 –> 00:11:04,333
但有趣的是,
君士坦丁凯旋门
but the interesting thing
about the Arch of Constantine

188
00:11:04,333 –> 00:11:08,746
是君士坦丁从二世纪罗马领导人的
纪念碑上取材拼接起来的。
is that Constantine
had it frankensteined together

189
00:11:08,746 –> 00:11:13,516
是君士坦丁从二世纪罗马领导人的
纪念碑上取材拼接起来的。
from the monuments
of 2nd-century Roman leaders.

190
00:11:14,456 –> 00:11:17,966
艺术史学家喜欢争辩
他为什么这样做。
Art historians love to debate
why he did this.

191
00:11:18,695 –> 00:11:20,285
为了图便宜?
Was he just cheap?

192
00:11:20,926 –> 00:11:22,758
因为他懒?
Was he lazy?

193
00:11:23,268 –> 00:11:27,235
那个时代的雕塑家
不能达不到他的标准?
Were the sculptors of his era
not up to his standards?

194
00:11:27,241 –> 00:11:29,641
或者其他的原因?
Or was something else going on?

195
00:11:29,641 –> 00:11:33,565
那个“其它的原因”是
That “something else” is something

196
00:11:33,565 –> 00:11:37,045
每个使用创造性再利用
的人都知道的——
that everyone who embraces
creative reuse really knows:

197
00:11:37,065 –> 00:11:41,425
所有你再利用的东西
都有它自己的故事。
that everything that you reuse
comes with its own story.

198
00:11:41,992 –> 00:11:43,986
所以,
君士坦丁或许已经获取了
And so, Constantine perhaps grasped

199
00:11:43,987 –> 00:11:47,242
其他帝王一切,
that all these things
that he was taking from other emperors

200
00:11:47,242 –> 00:11:49,183
包括他们的事迹,
came with their own story,

201
00:11:49,188 –> 00:11:52,730
以此来反映他的伟大。
and therefore reflected
on his magnificence.

202
00:11:53,018 –> 00:11:54,722
这里是一些圆形,
These are a couple of roundels,

203
00:11:54,722 –> 00:11:57,984
它们是从 Hadrian 皇帝的
一座纪念碑上拿走的,
and they were taken from a monument
from the Emperor Hadrian.

204
00:11:57,990 –> 00:12:01,795
君士坦丁的雕塑家们
精心地去掉的脸部,
Constantine’s sculptors
painstakingly took out the faces

205
00:12:01,795 –> 00:12:05,324
将君士坦丁的脸部
重新雕刻在这些脸上。
and recarved Constantine’s face
into the face on these.

206
00:12:06,275 –> 00:12:11,824
你可以看到
Hadrian 时代的古典雕塑
You can see how the classical sculpture
of Hadrian’s Era doesn’t quite match up

207
00:12:11,834 –> 00:12:17,104
与君士坦丁时代
略微奇特的雕塑并不匹配。
with the slightly stranger sculpture
of Constantine’s Era.

208
00:12:18,478 –> 00:12:22,929
当然,罗马人并不是唯一
拥有创造性再利用文化的。
The Romans weren’t the only culture
to embrace creative reuse, of course.

209
00:12:22,957 –> 00:12:26,713
很多时候伊斯兰文化
也采用了创造性再利用。
Islamic cultures a lot of the time
embraced creative reuse.

210
00:12:26,973 –> 00:12:30,097
这件来自耶路撒冷的
Al-Aqsa 清真寺。
This is from the Mosque
of Al-Aqsa, in Jerusalem.

211
00:12:30,789 –> 00:12:35,991
它是由一种留在耶路撒冷
周围的普通材料制成的,
It was made out of a common material
that was left around Jerusalem,

212
00:12:36,011 –> 00:12:40,825
那就是“spolia”,
十字军留下的大理石。
and that was spolia, pieces of marble,
left behind by the crusaders.

213
00:12:43,021 –> 00:12:47,257
印度是另一个可以找到
伊斯兰创造性再利用的地方。
India is another place
where you can find Islamic creative reuse.

214
00:12:47,267 –> 00:12:49,747
这来自莫卧儿王朝。
This comes from the Mughal dynasty.

215
00:12:49,757 –> 00:12:53,779
这是 Qutb Minar,
它在印度德里外面。
This is the Qutb Minar;
it’s outside of Delhi, in India.

216
00:12:53,779 –> 00:12:57,317
这是世界上最大的
独立式砖头尖塔,
This is the world’s largest
free-standing brick minaret,

217
00:12:57,789 –> 00:13:02,793
由 27 个不同的
印度教庙宇组成。
and it is made out
of 27 different Hindu temples.

218
00:13:04,137 –> 00:13:08,035
西班牙的科尔多瓦大清真寺。
The Great Mosque of C贸rdoba, in Spain.

219
00:13:08,752 –> 00:13:12,482
教科书中很多人
都喜欢指出
A lot of people in textbooks love
to point to the fact

220
00:13:12,504 –> 00:13:17,779
清真寺中的柱子是从早期的
基督教建筑中再利用的。
that the columns in the mosque are reused
from an earlier Christian building,

221
00:13:18,234 –> 00:13:21,499
但并不是每个人都知道
其实考古学家们推断
but not everybody knows
that archeologists think

222
00:13:21,499 –> 00:13:26,361
那里或不远处
曾有一座罗马神庙。
that there was a Roman temple
on this site, or near this site.

223
00:13:26,361 –> 00:13:27,603
它被推倒,
It was knocked down,

224
00:13:27,603 –> 00:13:31,017
其中一些部分
被重新用于基督教教堂,
and parts of that were
reused for the Christian church,

225
00:13:31,017 –> 00:13:33,952
然后又被推倒
用作建造清真寺。
which was then knocked down
to make the mosque.

226
00:13:33,952 –> 00:13:37,748
当然,西班牙并没有
处于伊斯兰控制之下。
And of course, Spain
didn’t remain under Islamic control;

227
00:13:38,785 –> 00:13:43,008
所以,
当另一个基督教团体抵达,
so, when another Christian group arrived,

228
00:13:43,008 –> 00:13:45,735
他们没有推倒大清真寺,
rather than knocking down
the Great Mosque,

229
00:13:46,511 –> 00:13:50,971
他们只是把基督教大教堂
正好放在祈祷厅的中间。
they simply plopped a Christian basilica
right into the middle of the prayer hall.

230
00:13:52,218 –> 00:13:53,957
罗马珠宝
Roman jewelry is something

231
00:13:53,957 –> 00:13:57,252
也再利用了很多
中世纪的东西。
that gets reused a lot
during the Middle Ages as well.

232
00:13:57,252 –> 00:14:01,489
在中世纪,
宝石开采并不多,
During the Middle Ages,
there wasn’t quite as much gem mining,

233
00:14:01,489 –> 00:14:04,005
宝石雕刻也不多。
and there wasn’t as much gem carving.

234
00:14:04,005 –> 00:14:07,954
所以,方法就是
取用罗马珠宝的材料,
So the answer was
to take all bits of Roman jewelry

235
00:14:07,954 –> 00:14:11,269
并尽可能重复利用它们。
and reuse them any way
that they could be reused.

236
00:14:11,269 –> 00:14:14,492
这是 Lothair 十字架,
它在德国的 Aachen。
This is the Lothair Cross;
it’s in Aachen, in Germany.

237
00:14:14,492 –> 00:14:20,070
它由皇帝奥托三世捐赠,
大约在公元 1000 年左右。
It was donated by Otto III, the Emperor,
and it was made around 1000 CE.

238
00:14:20,754 –> 00:14:23,762
这是一个非常奇怪的
基督教十字架。
This is a really strange Christian cross

239
00:14:24,272 –> 00:14:28,385
因为在中间看到的不是耶稣像,
because instead of, in the middle of it,
seeing an image of Jesus,

240
00:14:29,079 –> 00:14:32,795
而是罗马皇帝奥古斯都的形象。
we see an image of Augustus,
the Roman emperor.

241
00:14:34,160 –> 00:14:37,419
奥托的想法可能是
What Otto’s thought process
might have been

242
00:14:37,419 –> 00:14:40,039
综合不同的事物。
was a synthesis of different things.

243
00:14:40,059 –> 00:14:45,029
把基督的形象,
Synthesizing the image of Christ,

244
00:14:45,831 –> 00:14:50,756
奥托自己的光辉,
以及罗马帝国的光辉合成在一起。
the magnificence of Otto himself,
and the magnificence of the Roman Empire.

245
00:14:50,756 –> 00:14:54,537
当然,这是在神圣罗马帝国时期。
Of course, this was during the period
of the Holy Roman Empire.

246
00:14:55,495 –> 00:14:58,819
另一个奇怪的十字是
Herimann 十字。
Another even stranger cross
is the Herimann Cross.

247
00:14:59,302 –> 00:15:01,328
也是来自德国。
This also comes from Germany.

248
00:15:01,328 –> 00:15:05,586
在这个基督教的十字架上,
我们确实看到了基督的形象在中间。
On this Christian cross, we do see
an image of Christ in the middle of it,

249
00:15:05,596 –> 00:15:09,856
但这里并没有基督常见的金色,
but instead of having Christ’s normal,
would be golden face here,

250
00:15:10,297 –> 00:15:12,325
而是一个
we have a face that’s taken

251
00:15:12,325 –> 00:15:17,221
取自 Livia 女皇的
罗马青金石雕塑。
from a Roman lapis lazuli sculpture
of the Empress Livia.

252
00:15:17,776 –> 00:15:21,591
她的脸被切断
并放在基督的面部,
Her face has been cut off
and put onto the face of Christ,

253
00:15:21,591 –> 00:15:26,623
可能是为了增加这件作品的价值。
presumably to amp up
the value of this piece.

254
00:15:28,354 –> 00:15:30,870
当我在组织这个讲座时,
As I was putting this lecture together,

255
00:15:31,280 –> 00:15:33,862
我承认我在
万圣节期间做的这个。
I confess I was working on this
during Halloween,

256
00:15:33,862 –> 00:15:37,377
我开始考虑头骨和
头骨再利用的方式。
and I started thinking about skulls
and the way that skulls are reused.

257
00:15:37,377 –> 00:15:39,111
我们常常听说
We always hear of people

258
00:15:39,111 –> 00:15:42,504
有些人用他们征服的
敌人的头骨喝酒。
drinking from the skulls
of their vanquished enemies.

259
00:15:42,774 –> 00:15:44,296
我觉得我也喜欢。
I know I like to.

260
00:15:44,566 –> 00:15:46,081
(笑声)
(Laughter)

261
00:15:47,118 –> 00:15:50,639
Bayron 勋爵实际上
在他的房子里保留了一块头骨,
Lord Byron actually kept a skull
around his house,

262
00:15:50,639 –> 00:15:53,154
当他将举行
非常盛大的宴会时,
and when he would have
a really wild party,

263
00:15:53,154 –> 00:15:56,809
他们会在宴会末尾
沉醉于用这块头骨喝酒。
they’d wind up drinking from that skull
at the end of the night.

264
00:15:56,819 –> 00:16:00,353
但我并没有那些头骨的例子
可以展示给你们,
But I don’t have examples of any
of those skulls that I can show you;

265
00:16:01,134 –> 00:16:03,857
但我会给你们一个
非犹太教的例子。
instead, I’m going to show you
a more gentile example.

266
00:16:03,857 –> 00:16:07,290
在藏传佛教中,
他们有一种叫做“Kapalas”的东西。
In Tibetan Buddhism,
they have objects called “kapalas.”

267
00:16:07,290 –> 00:16:11,470
这些是被清理干净的干燥的
僧人的头骨,
These are the skulls of monks
that have been cleaned and dried,

268
00:16:11,480 –> 00:16:15,302
可以用来存放祭祀品。
and offerings can be left in them.

269
00:16:17,355 –> 00:16:20,022
我的另一个主要发现是,
Another major realization that I had

270
00:16:20,022 –> 00:16:24,127
当我思考和做这些研究时,
was that when I was thinking about
and doing all of this research,

271
00:16:24,137 –> 00:16:27,267
我意识到比我们年长的人
后天习得了一些东西。
I realized something
that comes as second nature to anyone

272
00:16:27,267 –> 00:16:29,007
我意识到比我们年长的人
后天习得了一些东西。
who is older in this audience.

273
00:16:29,007 –> 00:16:32,434
这就是说,
同一种文化,同一个社会,
And that is that
as a culture, as a society,

274
00:16:32,434 –> 00:16:36,758
我们甚至不能同
二战时期的人相比,
we can’t even hold a candle to the things
that the World War II generation did,

275
00:16:37,327 –> 00:16:39,725
就在我们几代以前。
just a few generations older than us.

276
00:16:40,145 –> 00:16:42,764
那时候回收再利用的数量
The amount of things
that were recycled and reused

277
00:16:42,764 –> 00:16:45,435
几乎超出了我们的理解范围。
are almost beyond our comprehension.

278
00:16:46,160 –> 00:16:47,973
这里左侧是一张海报,
Here’s a poster on the left

279
00:16:47,973 –> 00:16:52,295
宣传回收
纸张,破布和骨头。
for a salvage drive
for paper, rags and bones.

280
00:16:52,925 –> 00:16:55,965
而在右侧,
这来自 Vogue Knitting。
And on the right,
this is from Vogue Knitting.

281
00:16:55,965 –> 00:16:57,920
Vouge Knitting
在第二次世界大战期间
Vouge Knitting during World War II

282
00:16:57,922 –> 00:17:02,938
鼓励人们拆开他们的针织衣服,
was encouraging people to take apart
and unravel their knitwear,

283
00:17:02,938 –> 00:17:06,965
重新染色,清理,
并将其编织成新的东西。
re-dye it, clean it up
and knit it into new things.

284
00:17:09,176 –> 00:17:11,790
今天我想和你们
谈的最后一件事情
The final thing that I want
to talk to you today about

285
00:17:11,790 –> 00:17:13,965
也是来自第二次世界大战。
is also from World War II,

286
00:17:13,965 –> 00:17:18,539
它是关于一个叫 Der Deutsche Werkbund
(德国德意志战争机构)的德国小组。
and it surrounds a German group
called Der Deutsche Werkbund.

287
00:17:18,547 –> 00:17:21,890
Werkbund 是一群德国设计师,
The Werkbund was
a group of German designers

288
00:17:22,329 –> 00:17:25,799
热衷于良好而又简洁的设计。
who embraced good design, clean design.

289
00:17:26,980 –> 00:17:31,300
他们实际上在整合工具时
遇到了一些麻烦。
They actually went to the trouble
of putting together kits

290
00:17:31,300 –> 00:17:36,515
这些工具是用来发给学校
教孩子们进行优秀设计的。
that they would send out to schools
to teach German kids about good design,

291
00:17:36,515 –> 00:17:40,755
而不是糟糕的设计,
比如咕咕钟,Werkbund 的克星。
instead of bad design like cuckoo clocks,
the nemesis of the Werkbund.

292
00:17:40,980 –> 00:17:42,492
(笑声)
(Laughter)

293
00:17:42,492 –> 00:17:47,829
第二次世界大战后,
德国的材料供应十分短缺,
After World War II, materials in Germany
were in very, very short supply,

294
00:17:48,477 –> 00:17:52,088
所以 Der Deutsche Werkbund
接受了他们真正可以做的唯一事情,
so Der Deutsche Werkbund embraced
the only thing that they really could do,

295
00:17:52,098 –> 00:17:53,988
这是创造性再利用。
which was creative reuse.

296
00:17:53,988 –> 00:17:57,735
他们使用了大量的
战争遗留下来的材料,
They used lots of materials
that were left over from the war,

297
00:17:57,735 –> 00:17:59,980
并将它们回收再加工成家用器皿,
and they recycled them into housewares,

298
00:17:59,980 –> 00:18:02,259
或再利用成为家庭器皿。
they reused them into housewares.

299
00:18:02,509 –> 00:18:07,788
这里有一些用防毒面具过滤器
制成的篦子。
Here are some strainers
made of the filters from gas masks.

300
00:18:09,013 –> 00:18:12,769
蜡烛架由相同的
防毒面具过滤器制成。
Candle holders made
from the same gas mask filters.

301
00:18:13,229 –> 00:18:16,013
这些实际上是壳体,
他们被搪瓷,
These are actually shell casings;
they have been enameled

302
00:18:16,023 –> 00:18:19,221
变成水壶和炊具。
and turned into water pots
and cooking pots.

303
00:18:20,301 –> 00:18:22,835
我想要告诉你们的
最后一件事情是,
The final thing
that I’m going to show you

304
00:18:23,235 –> 00:18:26,306
我认为是数年的业力回报。
I think is karmic payback
for all of the years

305
00:18:26,306 –> 00:18:30,453
艺术品会被掠夺,
that artists have been having
their things taken away from them

306
00:18:30,459 –> 00:18:35,128
并被回收制成战争用品。
and recycled into goods
that are going to war efforts.

307
00:18:36,526 –> 00:18:38,366
这是一个德国头盔。
This is a German helmet;

308
00:18:38,366 –> 00:18:42,993
它经过搪瓷,
并添加了一个手柄,
it’s been enameled,
and it’s had a handle added to it,

309
00:18:42,993 –> 00:18:45,303
成为了一个锅。
and it’s been turned into a pot.

310
00:18:46,178 –> 00:18:47,753
这不是一个烹饪锅。
It’s not a cooking pot.

311
00:18:47,753 –> 00:18:49,155
(笑声)
(Laughter)

312
00:18:49,475 –> 00:18:53,744
我可以想象,
在使用这个东西的时候,
I can only imagine
that while this thing was being used,

313
00:18:53,744 –> 00:18:59,694
我希望使用它的人
能够理解使用它的象征意义,
I hope that the person using it
sort of grasped the symbolism of using it,

314
00:19:00,205 –> 00:19:04,379
并且在每次使用它时
都会反思战争的毫无意义。
remarking on the futility of war
every time that it was used.

315
00:19:05,285 –> 00:19:09,319
而我的另一个希望是,
每当那件物品被使用时,
And my other hope is
that every time that thing was used,

316
00:19:10,099 –> 00:19:12,499
在某个地方,
somewhere,

317
00:19:12,499 –> 00:19:16,206
那些循环再利用的
希腊雕塑中的某件
one of those recycled Greek sculptures

318
00:19:16,911 –> 00:19:18,051
就会有一丝微笑。
got a little smile.

319
00:19:18,051 –> 00:19:19,269
(笑声)
(Laughter)

320
00:19:19,269 –> 00:19:20,326
谢谢。
Thank you.

321
00:19:20,346 –> 00:19:22,563
(掌声)
(Applause)